Geophysics is the quantitative study of the Earth's physical properties and the complex, dynamic processes that govern its behaviour, functioning at the intersection of physics, mathematics, and geology. By measuring and analyzing seismic waves, gravitational variations, and electromagnetic induction, geophysicists non-invasively probe the Earth's inaccessible interior . This field spans from mapping shallow tectonic structures—such as stress accumulation zones in active faults—to modeling the deep convection mechanisms at the core-mantle boundary and the geodynamo. Ultimately, it translates indirect physical observables into robust models of planetary evolution, hazard assessment, and resource dynamics.